Elementary education is critically important as it lays the groundwork for an individual's lifelong learning journey. Numerous initiatives and schemes have been introduced to prioritize the primary education of children from disadvantaged, marginalized, and socio-economically backward communities. This study aims to explore the importance of elementary education in India. In 1950, Article 45 of the Constitution, under the Directive Principles of State Policy, mandated that the State should strive to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of fourteen within ten years of the Constitution's commencement. Since then, several policy documents, including each Five Year Plan, the 1968 National Policy on Education, and the revised 1992 National Policy on Education, have sought to enhance India's efforts towards achieving Universal Elementary Education (UEE).

       The Constitution of India ensures equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals and implicit mandates an inclusive society for all including the persons with disabilities. More than 650 million men, women and children in the world suffer from either mental or physical disability. Most of them live in the developing world. They suffer from discrimination and a lower standard of living. They are often denied basic educational opportunities and often given menial or poorly paid jobs. Social attitudes exclude them from cultural life and normal social relationships. Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. As per the provisions of the Persons with Disabilities have been identified viz blindness, low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, mental retardation and mental illness, persons falling under the above categories with a minimum of 40% disability are eligible for entitlement of all benefits provided by the Government. Disabled people need equal services and opportunities for their overall development, which is also an essential attribute for inclusive growth. Persons with Disabilities Act,1995  does not pay any serious attention to securing some basic rights like the right to human dignity, right to equal concern and respect, right against discrimination in public employment and educational institutions, right against exploitation, right against victimization etc. The Act has completely ignored   Pre-school education of disabled children, special problems of the parents of the disabled, special problems of the female disabled, games, sports and cultural activities, exploitation of disabled by their own families, higher education of the disabled. In practically Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 not fully followed by the Central and State Governments. Separate departments were created by both Central and State Government, but not followed the rules and regulations stated in the said Act completely. Disabled People are treated as second class citizens. This paper deals with present position rights of disabled persons and gives some suggestions to improve it.

This research paper investigates the effectiveness of blended learning compared to traditional learning methods in enhancing academic achievement among secondary school students. The study examines the academic performance of students exposed to both blended learning and traditional learning environments across science subjects. Data was collected through academic records analysis posttest experimental design. The findings indicate that blended learning approaches have a positive impact on academic achievement, providing valuable insights for educators and policymakers to improve teaching methods and student outcomes.

Reminiscing is an active process of recalling past events.  Life review is a technique that can be helpful to older persons in clarifying their roles as family members. While older people are usually thought of as fully socialized, research on aging and the family life cycle clearly indicates that as people mature, they must continually learn to play new roles. In general people in their old age feel happy to memorize their past through reviewing rather than their apprehensive future.  Among the major mental health problems faced by elderly depression is a very common problem. Depression is challenging to measure, especially in the community dwelling older adults. Reports of the prevalence of depression vary as a result. It has been commonly misrepresented that older adults 65 years and above older are the most depressed population of adults. The sample of the present investigation were 300 community living elderly men and women, random sampling technique was used to draw the subjects from rural and urban areas of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Life review was assessed by the Life Review questionnaire and depression was by using Depression scale. Literature suggests that very few people reminisce to solve present problems and cope with losses. Most elderly in their 80’s stated that life review is the main source of getting pleasure i.e., recapitulating the past to forget the anxieties and apprehension towards their future. The results indicate that there were significantly sub group differences in age, education, location sub-groups in life review and depression. Results will be discussed in the light of psychological implications of older people.

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy directly or indirectly majority of the people are dependent on agricultural sector where most of them are belong to small and marginal farmers. Agricultural marketing plays an important role for the agricultural development. Agricultural marketing is one of the major problems faced by the small and marginal farmers to channelize their produce to the market. Similarly, the problems of quality inputs, dependency on traditional techniques, problems of credit, uncertainty of output price etc. are the common obstacles of Indian agriculture. In this regard contract farming can be an alternative of traditional farming. In India there are different national and multinational companies involved in contract farming in different agricultural corps in different state. North Bengal is an agriculture dominated area substantially larger proportion of workers in agriculture as compared to the rest of the state. Potato is the largest vegetable crop produced and most of the farmers are involved in potato production especially in three districts Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, Coochbehar. The prime objective of this paper is to discuss briefly the contract farming structure and identify the different obstacles and benefits by adoption contract farming in Jalpaiguri district.

The Bhimbetka Rock Shelters in central India have provided valuable insights into prehistoric art and cultural evolution. This research paper aims to explore the geological context, archaeological discoveries, and conservation efforts at Bhimbetka, emphasizing its significance to Bhartiya's history and culture.

We all know that prisoners are isolated apart from the mainstream of society and kept in correctional institutions for the purpose of punishing and correcting them.  Prisoners also need basic things like food, drinking water, and shelter to survive like normal human beings. Prisoners get various welfare services and benefits from their correctional homes through the government. Education is one of the prison welfare services that helps prisoners change from their notorious or rude behavior to mankind and leads them back to their normal social lives. This research paper's study was conducted on a correctional home of West Bengal i.e. Asansol Sub Correctional Home. The researcher collected valuable responses from 23 samples by using both primary and secondary sources and explored prisoners' satisfaction with getting education services and its influence on them. After analyzing the respondents' data, it was found that 83% of prisoners are satisfied, and the dissatisfied prisoners are not interested in education or courses offered by the prison authority. To make prisoners interested, authorities may introduce some vocational or job-related training courses that help them find a suitable job after their release. The authority may take the initiative to introduce technological advancements in providing education services like online courses for the betterment of prisoners. This study will help the govt. in making new policies for prison welfare services and for the betterment of prisoners. Finally, it can be said that every prison authority should take the initiative to correct them by providing advanced education services and returning them to the mainstream of society.

This paper explores the development of higher education in Jammu, a region in the northern part of India. It outlines the historical context, current landscape, and future prospects. The paper also examines key institutions, government initiatives, and the challenges faced by the higher education sector in Jammu. This research paper delves into the current state of higher education in the Jammu division identifying key challenges and proposing a comprehensive strategy for revitalization. The study draws on extensive literature reviews, data analysis and stakeholder consultations to formulate recommendations amid at fostering academic excellence, inclusivity and regional development. The study aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for policy makers, educators and stakeholders invested in the transformation of higher education in the Jammu. It endeavors to contribute to the ongoing discourse on improving the quality and accessibility of higher education in the region.

In India, Career Guidance is essential in assisting Higher secondary science students in selecting the right tracks. When making such important selections, students frequently experience confusion and stress due to the abundance of options accessible. They may make educated decisions when they receive effective career coaching, which gives them insightful information about their interests, strengths, and possible career pathways. It provides a better understanding of pupils' future prospects by evaluating their aptitudes and preferences through a variety of exams and counselling sessions. Additionally, Career Guidance ensures that students are aware of the prospects and difficulties in each stream by bridging the gap between their goals and the realities of various industries. Guidance counsellors assist students in coordinating their academic endeavours with their long-term objectives by providing access to information about various occupations, school requirements, and employment markets. This increases their chances of success in their chosen industries and gives them a boost in confidence. To put it simply, Career Counselling is crucial to enabling students to successfully negotiate the challenges of their academic journey and make wise decisions about their futures. Study survey was conducted among 203 Higher Secondary Science Students to know the Role of Career Guidance in Selection of appropriate streams for higher education and concludes that there is significant role of Career Guidance in Selection of appropriate streams.

Intelligence is an ability of individual that can influence making sense of language structures and sentence formation. Nevertheless, it is quite apparent that cognitive skills and intelligence can enhance individuals' ability to acquire languages more effectively and efficiently. However, it is less influential when acquired with communicative competence and reading abilities. The paper highlights attributes of intelligence and its effects on language learning, and acquisition.

This research paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the impact of digital marketing on the apparel purchasing behavior of women consumers in Udaipur City. Utilizing primary data gathered from a structured survey of 428 respondents, the study examines the relationship between various digital marketing strategies—including social media engagement, influencer endorsements, email marketing, and online reviews—and consumer purchasing decisions. The findings demonstrate significant correlations between digital marketing initiatives and consumer behavior, with particular emphasis on the moderating effects of demographic factors such as age, education, and income. The study concludes with practical recommendations for marketers aiming to enhance their digital strategies in comparable non-metropolitan markets, underscoring the importance of personalization, trust, and targeted content.

The study was designed to examine some of the factors regarding emotional maturity of higher secondary school students of government and private and rural and urban areas of Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The sample consists of 200 higher secondary school students selected randomly. The tool used for this study was Emotional maturity scale developed and Standardised by Yashvir Singh & Dr. Mahesh Bhargava, National Psychological Corporation, Agra.

Green banking has garnered increasing attention as a pivotal mechanism to combat climate change. This research paper investigates the evolution of green banking in India. Drawing on the nexus between financial sustainability, institutions, and government policies, the study attempts to discern the drivers propelling green banking. The paper draws on the existing literature on green banking and government policy documents. It identifies government intervention as a key driver of green banking. It presents a compilation of all the regulatory and policy measures undertaken in India and suggests possible focus directions. The study underscores the importance of regulatory measures.

This research paper explores the profound influence of spirituality and religion on African American literature, tracing its historical significance, contemporary perspectives, and enduring themes. The paper begins by providing a brief overview of the African American literary tradition, highlighting the intertwined relationship between spirituality, religion, and literature. It examines the roots of African spirituality and the impact of slavery on African American religious practices, leading to the emergence of Christianity among African Americans. The paper then deals key themes in African American literature, including liberation, identity, resilience, and social justice, illustrating how these themes are intricately connected to spiritual and religious experiences. Through analysis of selected literary works such as "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" by Harriet Jacobs, "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Zora Neale Hurston, and "The Colour Purple" by Alice Walker, the paper explores the ways in which spirituality and religion are portrayed and their significance in character development and narrative arcs. The paper discusses the historical significance of African American spirituals and gospel music as forms of resistance and expression, as well as their representation in contemporary literature. It reflects on the enduring relevance of spirituality and religion in African American culture, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging and celebrating these aspects in literature.

Modernization has many denotations and carries a heavy weight and connotations. The term modern refers to follow a new approach, a new outlook; a new attitude for the objects, situations, ideology and people in life. Professor Jacobs (1971) explains “modernization as the maximization of the potential of the society.” (Cited at Chaudhary, A. (2017). Objective of the research is to study the college going female tribal students with reference to hill/plain area and science/non science. Findings of the study  indicate that Female tribal students of hill area were highly modernized in terms of position of women dimension while they were least modernized in terms of education dimension. On the other hand, female tribal students of plain area were highly modernized in terms of position of women dimension while they were least modernized in terms socio-religious dimension.