This research paper critically examines judicial opinions in landmark cases involving the Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) framework, exploring their profound impact on workplace policies and legal reforms. Adopting a qualitative comparative analysis, the study reviews pivotal cases such as Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton to elucidate how judicial reasoning balances victim rights, due process, and employer responsibilities. Through rigorous thematic analysis, this paper identifies recurring themes across diverse jurisdictions and time periods, emphasizing the evolution of legal interpretations and their practical implications.

Data were collected from primary sources, including court judgments and legal databases, and were enriched with insights from academic articles, policy documents, and legislative texts. The integration of these sources enabled a comprehensive evaluation of how judicial decisions have clarified the definition of sexual harassment, reformed internal grievance mechanisms, and influenced corporate practices. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that such landmark rulings have catalyzed legal reforms, notably inspiring the enactment of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 in India.

The findings underscore the dual role of judicial reasoning in both interpreting existing laws and shaping future legal and policy developments. They highlight the necessity for ongoing legal education and adaptive policy frameworks to address emerging challenges, including digital misconduct and remote work dynamics. Ultimately, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic legal landscape and offers practical recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders striving to foster safer and more equitable workplaces. The research findings call for continuous review and reform of legal standards and corporate policies to ensure adaptive measures for emerging workplace challenges in today’s environment.

        The year 2020 and 21 have been very bad for India and the world. When Corona started showing its wrath, human life came in danger. It has inflicted wounds on us at every level, the economies of many countries have collapsed. During this time unemployment and hunger were very high. But the Indian government resorted to lockdown to combat this disease. Due to the imposition of lockdown and sudden stop of traffic, the migrant labourers had to face the most. The effect of the lockdown was reversed on human life, where the lockdown and unemployment forced the poor people and migrant labourers to return their home villages. The worst condition of this disease was of migrant labourers, who walked in lakhs of hungry and bare feet towards their local village along with their wives and children. Women were also not untouched by the effect of Corona. According to a World Bank report, more than 12 million people in India have reached the condition of poverty. Sexual violence, online harassment and domestic abuse have increased during the Corona period. As of 10 August 2021, a survey conducted last year (between June and August 2020) showed that on return to their villages, there was an average decline of up to 85 percent in the income of migrant workers.

        Due to unemployment, common men life has become more painful than before. It was found in many surveys that the effect of Covid-19 has been on people's employment and pockets. The survey found that a total of 66 percent of the people's pockets have been affected by Covid-19. 28 per cent of the people were cut in their wages, 25 per cent people worked without pay and 17 per cent people lost their jobs. The lockdown imposed by the Government of India and the government order not to go out of the house closed the whole of India. This had a direct impact on employment. Factories were closed. The employment of common man and migrant labourers was snatched away which forced them to return to their homes. The CMIE report said that between January and March, the number of jobs in India fell from 411 million to 39.6 million and the number of unemployed increased from 320 million to 38 million. Therefore a decline of 90 lakh in the labours force results in a fall of 15 million in the number of workers and an increase in the number of unemployed by 60 lakh. But the way the Modi’s government is dealing with the corona epidemic, 84 percent of the Indians who participated in the survey are satisfied with the policies of the central government. In comparison, only 43 per cent in the US, 56 per cent in the UK, 53 per cent in Hong Kong and 71 per cent in Australia were found to be satisfied with the government's work in dealing with the pandemic.

The very purpose of establishing United Nations in after the end of the Second World War was to herald an era of peace in the world. There was in the United Nations charter a provision for United Nations peace keeping operation to be used in the war torn regions or nations.  Constituted by the member countries the operations will be under the aegis of the United Nations. The predicament of these operations lies in the fact that after the war is over, UNPK operations will be deployed to maintain peace. There is no provision for peace making operations. There are a myriad challenges  before it  in order to make these effective as the operations from the second world war to the present in various regions of the world. The present article deals with all these challenges.

This research paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the bilateral cooperation between the two oldest democracies of Asia India and Japan in the 21st Century, examining the political, economic, defence & security and cultural aspects. The formal diplomatic relations between the two nations have been established in April 1952. Both nations have close economic relations since 1991. They have strong defence & security cooperation since 2008. In the recent years, the defense exchanges between the two nations have gained strength due to the issues of peace, security and stability in the “Indo-Pacific region”. They have also centuries-old cultural & civilizational ties enriched by the shared heritage of the Buddhism dating back to 4th Century A.D. Moreover, the study finds that both India and Japan have come closer for making a balance of power in the Asian continent against the backdrop of the aggressive China in South Asia and South China Sea.

As the global population ages, the recognition and protection of the rights of senior citizens have become increasingly essential across diverse societies. The rise in life expectancy, combined social isolation, legal frameworks, comparative study with declining birth rates, has led to a significant demographic shift, prompting governments and organizations to re-evaluate their policies and frameworks addressing the needs of older adults. This comparative study examines how various countries approach the rights and welfare of senior citizens, emphasizing legal frameworks, social support systems, healthcare access, economic security, and societal attitudes.

The Indian diaspora is one of the largest and prolific communities in the world and the Gujarati diaspora is one of the oldest and the largest Indian diaspora community. The study of Guajarati migration and its diaspora is extremely important to understand the developmental process of Gujarat. Gujarat, lauded as one of the most developed states in India has not reached the position without support from its diaspora, the state has harnessed the help of its Diaspora community abroad. Over the centuries of migration and trade that the Gujarati communities were a part of and after decades of migration to countries like U.S.A, U.K, Canada, Australia, Middle- Eastern and African countries etc., the Gujarati Diaspora community has established itself as a strong force in various social, economic and political spheres. The Gujarati diaspora has strong cultural ties to their homeland and as a result of it, they have a long tradition of philanthropy and aiding in the development of their home and community. The Gujarati diaspora feels a strong sense of duty towards their home and community, and they contribute in various ways in improving and developing their homeland and community. They do so across various spheres like education, healthcare, helping the elderly and many more through the remittances and philanthropy. This flow of remittances to their home villages and towns help in their development. The government of Gujarat also has recognized their contributions and made schemes that involve the Gujarati Diaspora in the development of the state. It is important to study the complex relationship between the diaspora and the homeland to understand development, philanthropy, the diasporic network and also the future of diaspora engagement. Thus, the paper has analysed the history and patterns of Gujarati migration and the contribution of Gujarati Diaspora to the development of the selected districts for study, namely- Kachchh and Gandhinagar. The paper along with the present positives has also explored the future of the Gujarati Diaspora’s contribution in the development of Gujarat and its engagement with its homeland. The paper has attempted to emphasize the need for further governmental policies and intervention in engaging the Gujarati diaspora. To do so, the research paper uses qualitative methods like literary analysis to study the history and pattern of migration, case studies and interviews from the selected districts of Kachchh and Gandhinagar. Some of the villages like Madhapar, Sukhpar and others from Kachchh and Nardipur, Dhamasana and others from Gandhinagar were the selected villages to study the contribution of the Gujarati Diaspora in the development process of Gujarat.

Differentiated instruction (DI) is a teaching approach that modifies instructional strategies to address the diverse needs of learners. This study investigates the effectiveness of DI in Indian classrooms by analyzing its impact on student engagement, comprehension, and academic achievement. A qualitative research method was employed, involving interviews with 30 teachers selected through the snowball sampling method. The findings highlight the positive influence of DI on learning outcomes but also reveal key challenges such as curriculum constraints, lack of teacher training, and large class sizes. The study suggests targeted teacher training, curriculum flexibility, and technology integration as essential measures for enhancing DI implementation in Indian education.

This research investigates how social hierarchies affect self-employment prospects in India, emphasizing the roles of gender, caste, and cultural norms. Deeply rooted social frameworks determine access to resources and economic opportunities, significantly impacting entrepreneurial achievements, especially for women and marginalized groups (Munshi, 2020; World Bank, 2022). For instance, established gender roles restrict women’s access to financial resources and professional networks, creating systemic obstacles to entrepreneurship (Kabeer, 2018). Likewise, caste-based limitations persist in obstructing economic advancement for underprivileged communities, perpetuating inequities that inhibit equitable access to self-employment opportunities.

This paper employs a mixed-methods strategy, integrating quantitative analysis and qualitative narratives to reveal these inequalities and explore how societal norms influence entrepreneurial paths according to identity and socio-economic conditions (NITI Aayog, 2021). This study aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the various socio-economic factors influencing entrepreneurship in India. The research examines access to funding, educational opportunities, and systemic barriers across demographics to contribute insights for policy discussions. Its aim is to foster an inclusive entrepreneurial environment that helps individuals from all social groups thrive. By addressing socio-economic obstacles like income inequality and lack of mentorship, and promoting equitable opportunities, it seeks to empower aspiring entrepreneurs and enhance economic resilience and growth across diverse sectors in India.

 Present era is an era of digital technologies and artificial intelligence. AI and new digital technologies are bringing drastic changes in our life. We are performing our routine tasks through technology .We are using digital devices for routing financial transactions, for our academic and research purpose, for our business, for e-shopping, for booking our tickets etc. Although the use of technology has made our many tasks very easy and efficient but it has brought to us the danger of cyber frauds. Daily in news papers we are reading about the cyber frauds harming the very common man of our society. Not only the common man but also many reputed and educated persons often become the victim of cyber crime. Govt. has taken many initiatives and has established National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal but still there is lack of awareness regarding cybercrime and protection from cyber frauds. This paper discusses the problem of increasing cyber frauds, inculcating awareness in public to protect them from cyber fraud and initiatives taken by government to fight against the cyber crimes.

The aim of the present study was to know the mental health of secondary school teachers with respect to locality and occupational stress. In this investigation descriptive research under survey technique was used. The data were gathered from the five districts of Himachal Pradesh i.e. Mandi, Kullu, Hamirpur, Bilaspur  and Shimla. A total of by 790 secondary school teachers comprised for the study. The data were collected with the help of self administered tool i.e. mental health scale and occupational stress scale. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical method of analysis of variance (Two-way). Results of the study revealed that there exist no significant locality-wise differences among secondary school teachers with regard to their mental health. Therefore, it may be interpreted that possessed nearly similar level of mental health. It was found that secondary school teachers possessing different level of occupational stress did not differ significantly from each other with regard to their mental health.  Further, it was also indicated that locality and occupational stress taken together did not affect the mental health of secondary school teachers. The educational implications have been discussed at the end of the paper.

Teacher engagement is a critical factor in educational success, influencing both teacher well-being and student outcomes. This study examines the influence of Psychological Capital (PsyCap on teacher engagement. Using a sample of 405 teachers, we conducted correlation and regression analysis to explore the relationships between these variables. The findings indicate that PsyCap (hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism) has a significant positive impact on teacher engagement, suggesting that teachers with higher psychological resources are more likely to be engaged. These results underscore the importance of fostering psychological resources, resilience, and a sense of purpose in teachers to enhance engagement levels. The study provides practical implications for educational policymakers and administrators, advocating for professional development programs that nurture psychological strength and promote meaning in teaching.

This paper explores the gender dynamics and patriarchal challenges in the works of two prominent Indian authors, Anita Desai and Shashi Deshpande. Both writers offer critical perspectives on the complex relationships between men and women, shaped by deeply entrenched patriarchal norms. Through their novels, Desai and Deshpande reveal how gender roles, societal expectations, and familial obligations impact women’s lives, often resulting in emotional and psychological alienation. Desai's focus lies in depicting the internal, psychological struggles of her female protagonists, who frequently withdraw from society as a quiet form of resistance. Conversely, Deshpande highlights the everyday challenges faced by women within domestic spaces, depicting their gradual journey toward self-realization through introspection and direct confrontation with patriarchal structures. While both authors emphasize women’s resilience and agency, their approaches differ in scope—Desai’s works emphasize emotional withdrawal, whereas Deshpande portrays active rebellion. This paper provides a comparative analysis of their works, offering insights into the nuanced ways gender, power, and identity intersect in Indian society.

The aim of Education is considered all round development of the personality and innate powers of the learners. Education brings the desired change in the behaviors of learners in such a manner that the learners will be responsible citizens of the society and nation. Education is a powerful instrument of individual and social development.  Right to Education Act, advocates all children should get suitable and accessible educational opportunities and participation in social development of the nation. For successful achievement of goal of Education for All, we have to adopt full inclusion in our education system.

Inclusive education is the practice of integrating all students, regardless of their physical, social, intellectual, or emotional abilities or disabilities, into mainstream educational settings. This approach promotes equality, diversity, and a sense of community within the school environment. The need for inclusive education is growing as societies strive to create equitable opportunities for all students. In this paper author explores the necessity and significance of inclusive education, focusing on its benefits for individuals with disabilities, the broader educational community, and society as a whole. It also discusses the challenges involved and suggests strategies for implementing inclusive practices effectively.

This paper explores the intricate family dynamics within the case study titled The Lost Childhood, highlighting the psychological, emotional, and social challenges faced by the individuals involved. The study examines the impact of intergenerational conflicts, marital discord, and neglect on family well-being, particularly the adverse effects on children. The paper provides insights into the roles played by key family members and offers recommendations to improve family cohesion and emotional stability.

Provide a concise overview of the topic, highlighting the growing importance of globalization in shaping the landscape of higher education in India. Mention the key areas of focus, such as internationalization, research productivity, faculty development, and strategic partnerships, aimed at enhancing global competitiveness and improving rankings.

The majority of people in India live in villages and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. 17% of the GDP comes from this sector. Because of natural disasters and market swings, farmers' circumstances remain precarious despite economic and technological progress. News of farmer suicides in various regions of the nation during drought years emphasizes the consequences of this diversity. The primary source of income for the residents of Bhadrak district is agriculture, with paddy accounting for approximately 94% of the total cultivable area and serving as the primary crop grown during the Kharif season. A farmer's socioeconomic status can be determined by a number of factors, such as their education, income, expenditures, savings, land ownership, livestock status, debt, and more. The current study intends to examine the socioeconomic analysis of rice farmers in the Bhadark district of Odisha. This study is based on a primary survey from 400 Farmers are selected through multistage random sampling. The data reveals trends, such as higher percentages of illiteracy and lower educational attainment among older age groups and a relatively small number of respondents possessing a degree across all age brackets. A stark imbalance is present with males and females, indicating male dominance in farming practices. Most farmers pertain to Kharif season cultivation while involving both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The data clearly indicates a predominance of Kharif season cultivation, with nearly 70% of the cases, underscoring its significance in the agricultural cycle. Farmers unanimously agreed on the necessity of cultivating rice, underscoring its importance despite the challenges faced. The present study suggested that to make seeds available for farming, decrease the price of seeds, improve irrigation facilities, provide crop insurance, and provide subsidies for seeds and fertilizer, etc.

The process of developing competencies of controlling and managing reactions helps students to evolve as responsible persons. This, in turn, minimizes the behavioral problems of students during the time spent at school or even in interactions outside school. The challenge facing schools is to establish education programmers that will stimulate social and emotional learning and integrate it with traditional academic learning to mitigate behavioral problems considered to be a significant impediment in the state of happiness and mental health of students. An affectionate and kind classroom environment helps children to feel protected and grow up to be healthy individuals who have a high moral standard. the social and emotional learning is the important process which is encourages the many life wining skills such as problem-solving skills, decision making, empathy, healthy relationship. The SEL develops the interpersonal and intrapersonal skills for maintaining healthy relationships to others. It increases positive behaviors and reduce the negative behaviors. It gives opportunity to develop social and self-skills and induces cognitive thinking

The role of strengthening research infrastructure and funding in higher education is vital to the advancement of knowledge, innovation, and addressing global challenges. Research infrastructure, including state-of-the-art laboratories, advanced equipment, and digital resources, significantly enhances the capacity for high-quality research. In parallel, sufficient funding is crucial to support research activities, attract and retain top-tier academic talent, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and ensure long-term sustainability. This paper examines how improved research infrastructure and funding contribute to academic excellence, global competitiveness, innovation, and societal progress, ultimately positioning higher education institutions as key drivers of development in both local and global contexts.

In this modern world, integrating technologies is a central aspect of the class lessons taught in schools. Teachers of senior secondary schools can improve their pedagogical practices through digital tools, which make the presentation of the subject matter more appealing and easier to understand. These tools enable educators to design more interactive and engaging lesson classes, thus increasing teaching efficiency and student motivation. There is now a more significant requirement to concentrate on developing digital skills, especially for teachers, because it's treated as an essential competence instead of a supplementary one. For example, a digitally competent teacher is a person who uses teaching methods and other modern technologies in everyday lessons. Better yet, communication that comes from digital competency among teachers, students, parents, and colleagues enhances the inclusive and collaborative learning environment. This leads to improved academic achievement, enhanced motivation, and improved student learning experience. This article aims to analyze the available literature on the digital competence of secondary school teachers, particularly their knowledge of digital skills, educational technology, and instruction with instructional materials. An in-depth examination of these studies focuses on increasing attention to digital skills in teacher training programs. Moreover, the effective execution of digital learning depends not only on skilled teachers but also on good school management and supportive infrastructure to foster efficient teaching and learning.

Swami Vivekananda's views of Education are briefly presented in this paper. Education does not mean a load of information that is inserted by force into the mind of a child. He was against le system of the contemporary educational system which fans greed, turned men into slave: pable of slavery and nothing else. In India divinity was the basic foundation of educatic based on the philosophy of Vedanta and Upanishads. Education needs to be life-building, man-making, and character-making. The process of education is like growing a plant from a Small seed. Care is needed during the developing stages: The role of parents and teachers is of greatest importance for the support and guidance. In this respect, Swami ji's ideas are extremely relevant and needed today. Vivekananda not only proposed high ideals of education but also suggested sound methods for achieving them. The purpose of teaching is to awaken the inner self. Once awakened, anyone will take care of themselves. Man-making education is the need of the day toward off the social customs.

(Based on a paper submitted at the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Kolkata, 2016)

The term “glass ceiling” refers to the hidden barriers that prevent women and other marginalized groups from accessing senior positions, even when they have the necessary skills and experience. In India, this phenomenon is influenced by the complex interplay between socio-cultural norms, organizational practices, and policy frameworks. However, this has changed to a great extent in recent years due to the increasing role of women in political representation, organizational diversity, entrepreneurship, and leadership. This research paper studies the challenges of the glass ceiling in India, its causes, trends in various sectors, and progress made in recent years based on the analysis of current data and scholarly literature. The major objective of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and developments related to women's leadership in the Indian context.

The incorporation of digital technology in education has increased students' exposure to cyber threats, making cybersecurity awareness a critical concern. This literature review examines students' awareness of cyber threats, prevalent vulnerabilities, and the efficacy of educational interventions. The findings indicate that while students grasp basic risks, their cybersecurity practices are inconsistent and often render them susceptible to phishing, social engineering, and ransomware attacks. Common perilous practices encompass password reuse, neglecting software updates, and carelessly accessing unsecured public Wi-Fi networks. Through efforts such as seminars, gamification, and peer-driven campaigns, which have proven effective in enhancing students' ability to recognize and combat cyber dangers, educational institutions play a crucial role in raising awareness. The research demonstrates the influence of parental involvement, peer networks, and social media on students' digital conduct. Two-factor authentication and the incorporation of cybersecurity modules into the curriculum significantly reduce hazardous behaviors through institutional rules. Awareness programs must adapt to evolving cyberthreats to cultivate improved digital practices among students. The paper underscores the necessity of a dynamic and multifaceted approach to cybersecurity education, integrating frequent training, practical experience, and community involvement to foster a safer digital environment for students.

Building on the foundations of previous educational policies, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes the creation of skilled individuals. While teachers are viewed as the architects of society and the nation, teacher educators bear the greater responsibility of shaping competent teachers. According to NEP 2020, teacher education must integrate multidisciplinary approaches, encompassing high-quality content and pedagogy. Consequently, the policy advocates for firsthand teaching, fieldwork, and research experience for all teacher education students. This study focuses on evaluating the research competencies and experiences of Master of Education (M.Ed.) students during institutional closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed (exploratory) research design was employed, involving 21 voluntary participants from the M.Ed. program. Data collection methods included two rating scales—the Research Competency Rating Scale and the Rating Scale for Internship Experience—as well as a semi-structured interview schedule for qualitative insights. The findings reveal that M.Ed. students exhibited low research competencies and limited engagement in internship activities during the pandemic. Furthermore, many students conducted research solely to fulfil course requirements, with alternative methods proving largely ineffective. This study offers valuable insights for educators and M.Ed. students, highlighting the need to develop effective alternative approaches to internship programs. Promoting small, relevant research topics among students is essential to enable meaningful learning and skilful execution of research endeavours.