This research looks at the challenges and opportunities of teaching and learning undergraduate courses in the Odia medium. It focuses on protecting cultural heritage while solving big problems in the system. Based on ideas from the NEP 2020, the study highlights how teaching in a student's mother tongue can make learning more inclusive and accessible. Using a mix of methods, data was collected from 117 students in different courses and semesters, including Odia and English medium students in almost equal numbers. Tools like surveys and interviews helped gather information about resources, teacher skills, how easy the lessons are to understand, career options, and the use of technology in education. The results show some big issues like limited resources (M = 9.26), lack of training for teachers (M = 8.12), and a strong preference for English-medium education in society. However, teaching in Odia also showed good results like clearer understanding of concepts, less academic stress, and better classroom participation. The study suggests solutions like investing in better resources, training teachers in both Odia and English, and using technology to improve Odia education. These findings give useful ideas for making education fairer and more inclusive while promoting regional languages.

Kautilya’s Arthashastra remains a cornerstone of ancient Indian statecraft, offering a pragmatic approach to governance, diplomacy, and strategic policymaking. His Sadgunya (six-fold strategy) and Mandala Theory (circle of states) provide a framework for international relations, emphasizing realpolitik, power balance, and alliance-building. The Saptanga Theory (seven elements of the state) highlights essential components of a strong nation, while the principles of Sama (conciliation), Dana (gifts), Danda (force), and Bheda (division) continue to shape contemporary diplomatic strategies. This study employs a qualitative approach, using textual analysis of the Arthashastra and a comparative assessment of modern Indian foreign policy to evaluate the relevance of Kautilyan thought. The findings suggest that India’s evolving foreign policy—shifting from post-independence idealism to strategic pragmatism—reflects enduring Kautilyan principles in areas such as non-alignment, economic diplomacy, military deterrence, and counterterrorism. As India navigates a rapidly changing global order, Kautilya’s insights remain crucial in shaping a resilient and adaptive foreign policy.

Bodhgaya, the sacred site where Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment and became the Buddha, is a profound spiritual hub that unites diverse Buddhist traditions from around the world. As the birthplace of Buddhism, it holds immense significance for followers of Therav?da, Mah?y?na, and Vajray?na traditions, making it a unique melting pot of Buddhist cultures and practices. Various monasteries, meditation centres, and institutions established by different Buddhist communities further enrich Bodhgaya’s religious landscape. Annual teachings, festivals, and meditation retreats provide opportunities for interfaith dialogue, cultural exchange, and spiritual growth. This global Buddhist presence fosters unity, encouraging a shared understanding of the Buddha’s teachings while respecting diverse interpretations. As a centre of pilgrimage and practice, Bodhgaya continues to play a vital role in sustaining and spreading Buddhist heritage worldwide.

The method of teaching English grammar to secondary school students in a regular school does not include any specific techniques employed by the teacher, other than the usual lecture cum discussion method and storytelling method, in certain cases. As a result, students are unaware of the significance of the grammar structure, which is the backbone of understanding and speaking English correctly. This study found out that an effective method to teach English Grammar to secondary school students is through the Inductive and Deductive approaches as this method generates and maintains interest among the students, allows for active student participation in the learning process and helps teachers to gauge the comprehension level of the students. Thus, the study concluded that Inductive Deductive Approaches are the best method to teach English Grammar.

The study examined the role of Entrepreneurship Development Cells (EDCs) in creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem within Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Pune. It focused on how EDCs support entrepreneurship through various entrepreneurship development activities such as workshops, mentorship, and funding. The research aimed to find the correlation between the resources provided by EDCs and Entrepreneurship development in HEIs in Pune City. Data were collected from 100 respondents who engaged with EDC initiatives using a structured questionnaire. The findings indicated that EDCs significantly enhance students’ entrepreneurial skills by providing resources, networking opportunities, and practical training. However, challenges such as limited funding, low student participation, and insufficient institutional support were noted. The study concluded that strengthening industry collaboration, increasing funding, and improving student outreach could enhance the impact of EDCs. Overall, the research confirmed that EDCs play a vital role in fostering entrepreneurship, contributing to innovation and economic growth in Pune.

Nutritional factors make negative and adverse impact on the physical health conditions and wellbeing of the people especially in the context of women and children. Development in nutritional status of children and women is an important way of achieving sustainable development goals but there are many challenges and constraints in achieving sustainable development of nutrition among Indian women and children. These challenges and constraints needs to be addressed low birth weight high rate of morbidity child mortality and poor maternal nutrition condition of mother are some of the major nutritional concerns in India. Government of India is making efforts to overcome these issues and challenges through implementation of various nutritional programmes, schemes in remote tribal areas and rural areas. The present literature focused on the various factors that responsible for malnutrition among women and children in India and explored the government initiatives to overcome the challenges and constraints in the implementation of programmes and factors responsible for increasing malnutrition.

This research paper is based on a sociological investigation of alcoholism among the women of Pathari tribe of Sonbhadra district. The study analyses factors such as social structure, cultural practices, and economic marginalization that contribute to the usage of alcohol and other substance. Factors such as social exclusion, gender inequality and cultural disconnect were found to be the major causes of increased substance use and addiction. The study emphasises that preventive measures, community participation and culturally appropriate interventions are essential to effectively address the problem of alcohol addiction, especially among tribal women, to create an alcohol-free society. For this study Qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used to understand women’s social role, traditional livelihoods, and limitations of access to health care.

Employee satisfaction is a key factor influencing organizational performance, and training programs play a significant role in enhancing job satisfaction, engagement, and retention. This study aims to assess the viability of training programs in achieving employee satisfaction within organizations, particularly in the hospitality industry. The research investigates various training methods used in luxury hotels, including on-the-job training, safety training, leadership development, and skill enhancement programs. Data was collected from employees across different departments in luxury hotels to evaluate how these training programs contribute to job satisfaction and overall performance. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, the study examines employee perceptions of training effectiveness, with a focus on how well these programs address their professional growth, work environment, and career development. Key indicators such as motivation, work-life balance, recognition, and skill acquisition were considered. Findings indicate that well-structured and consistent training programs significantly contribute to employee satisfaction, boosting morale and improving job retention rates. However, the study also highlights areas for improvement, including the need for personalized training approaches and continuous learning opportunities. training programs are vital for improving employee satisfaction and organizational success. The research underscores the importance of tailoring training initiatives to meet the specific needs of employees and fostering a culture of ongoing development to achieve long-term employee satisfaction and business growth.

This research aims to identify Ph.D. scholars' research competencies developed during their coursework and seeks to establish the association between level research competencies and the gender of the Ph.D. scholars. A descriptive survey design was employed for this research. The study involved 100 Ph.D. scholars who completed coursework in Education. They were selected using a purposive-random sampling technique, as reaching a targeted sample size through random sampling was impractical. The data were collected using a closed-ended questionnaire and analysed through descriptive statistics and the chi-square test of independence. The findings revealed that there is a significant association between different levels (Having Minimum Competency [HMC], Having basic competency [HBC], and Having advanced competency [HAC]) of reviewing related literature competencies and the gender of the research scholars (Male and Female). However, no significant association was found between different levels of research competencies (HMC, HBC, and HAC) and the gender of the research scholars (Male and Female) in terms of writing proposal competency, competency of research methodology, competency of using ICT in performing research, and research publication and ethics competency. This indicates that male research scholars are at par with female research scholars in various research competencies. This implies that both male and female research scholars develop similar research competencies during their Ph.D. coursework. The Ph.D. programme, however, has been specifically designed to develop intended research competencies among the research scholars during the coursework.

This study explores the dynamic relationship between changing forest policies and their socio-cultural impact on tribal communities in Odisha, a state known for its rich forest cover and significant tribal population. Traditionally, forest-dwelling tribes such as the Kondh, Santal, and Juang have maintained a symbiotic relationship with forests, relying on them not only for economic sustenance but also for cultural and spiritual practices. The primary objective of the study is to assess how these evolving policies have affected tribal livelihoods and socio-cultural structures. Using a qualitative and secondary data-based methodology, the research draws from government reports, census data, NGO publications, and academic studies spanning the last two decades. The findings reveal a decline in forest-dependent livelihoods due to restricted access, bureaucratic hurdles in rights recognition, and commercialization of forest resources. This economic marginalization is accompanied by the erosion of indigenous cultural practices, rituals, and community cohesion tied to forest spaces. Women and elders, in particular, face heightened exclusion from decision-making processes and resource access. The study recommends a policy shift towards participatory forest governance, with stronger implementation of community forest rights under the Forest Rights Act. It advocates for culturally sensitive conservation models that integrate traditional ecological knowledge. Strengthening tribal institutions, ensuring gender inclusion, and enabling capacity-building initiatives are essential for restoring both the economic autonomy and cultural dignity of Odisha’s tribal communities.

India is called the largest democracy in the world. It is Democratic because election take place at the regular intervals at different at levels. It is almost over 7 decades that elected governments of People’s Representative have strengthened our democracy at the Centre, state and local levels. In speed of all these achievements, several formidable challenges remain: exploding population, wide spread average illiteracy, corruptions, economic inequality, political violence, nexalism, communalism and terrorism etc. this research paper is discussed about concept of democracy development of Indian democracy. There is a lot of issue and challenges faced by the Indian democracy for a better understanding of the same; we discuss this in this research paper.

The emergence of online learning as a dominant instructional model, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, has profoundly reshaped educational systems worldwide. This research explores the implications of online education on academic achievement and student engagement, focusing on the diverse factors that influence learning outcomes in virtual environments.
Drawing on empirical evidence, educational policy documents, and scholarly literature, the study investigates both the potential and the limitations of online learning models.

Online education provides increased flexibility, personalised pacing, and access to a wide range
of multimedia resources. These features have enhanced learner autonomy and allowed institutions to extend educational opportunities to remote and underserved populations. However, the benefits of digital instruction are counterbalanced by critical challenges, including the digital divide, inconsistent pedagogical adaptation, reduced social interaction, and increased screen fatigue. Students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds face barriers to access, while educators often struggle with technological integration and assessment integrity.

The study further analyses the multidimensional nature of student engagement—encompassing behavioural, emotional, and cognitive aspects—and how these are affected by digital interfaces.
It also examines how institutional support, teacher presence, and mental health considerations influence student motivation and performance. The findings highlight the need for a balanced approach that embraces technological advancement while ensuring inclusivity and psychological well-being.

In conclusion, this paper calls for a comprehensive, equity-driven framework to optimise online learning systems. It recommends targeted policies, continuous faculty development, mental health services, and investments in digital infrastructure to foster meaningful and effective learning experiences. This research offers valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and institutions navigating the future of technology-enhanced education.

Special education aims to provide equitable educational opportunities for students with disabilities, and the involvement of both family and community plays a critical role in ensuring their success. Families, as the primary caregivers, are integral in advocating for their children's needs, supporting their emotional and social development, and collaborating with educators to create individualized educational plans (IEPs). Family members provide essential insights into a child's behaviour, learning styles, and needs, which aids in the development of effective teaching strategies. The community, including local organizations, healthcare providers, and social services, also contributes by offering additional resources, support systems, and social integration opportunities that promote inclusive practices. Together, family and community support foster a holistic approach to special education that not only addresses academic goals but also promotes the social, emotional, and psychological well-being of students with disabilities. This collaborative model strengthens the connection between home, school, and society, facilitating an inclusive environment that nurtures the full potential of each student.

The present paper considers the Role of family and community in special education with prime objectives are- (i) To understand the Role of family in special education. (ii) To discuss the Role of community in special education. (iii) To suggests the strategies for enhancing the Role of family and community in special education. The study methodology is used as a secondary sources like books, articles, diaries, proposal, college news, master supposition, and websites, etc. and also descriptive technique an interpretative, discussion, and experts views etc.